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WASHINGTON http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-jori-lehtera-jersey , Feb. 19 (Xinhua) -- Much of the damage that ultraviolet radiation (UV) does to skin occurs hours after sun exposure, and this delayed reaction appears to be due to the skin pigment melanin, a U.S. study said Thursday.

Melanin, which gives skin its color, is usually thought of as a protective pigment http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-jordan-weal-jersey , blocking the UV radiation that damages DNA and contributes to skin cancer.

But there was also evidence from studies suggesting that melanin was associated with skin cell damage.

In the new study, Douglas Brash, professor of the Yale University, and his colleagues first exposed mouse and human melanocytes, the cells that make the melanin http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-jaromir-jagr-jersey , to radiation from a UV lamp.

The radiation caused a type of DNA damage known as a cyclobutane dimer (CPD), in which two DNA "letters" attach and bend the DNA, preventing the information it contains from being read correctly.

The researchers were surprised to find that the melanocytes not only generated CPDs immediately but continued to do so more than three hours after UV exposure ended. Cells without melanin generated CPDs only during the UV exposure.

The results, published in the U.S. journal Science, showed that melanin had both carcinogenic and protective effects.

"If you look inside adult skin http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-jakub-voracek-jersey , melanin does protect against CPDs. It does act as a shield," said Brash. "But it is doing both good and bad things."

The researchers next tested the extent of damage that occurred after sun exposure by preventing normal DNA repair in mouse samples. They found that half of the CPDs in melanocytes were " dark CPDs" -- CPDs created in the dark.

Further research showed that the UV light activated two enzymes that combined to "excite" an electron in melanin, and that the energy generated from this process, known as chemiexcitation, in turn http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-ivan-provorov-jersey , causes the same DNA damage that sunlight caused in daytime.

Chemiexcitation has previously been seen only in lower plants and animals.

While noting that news of the carcinogenic effect of melanin is disconcerting, the researchers also said that the slowness of chemiexcitation may allow time for new preventive tools, such as an "evening-after" sunscreen designed to block the energy transfer.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (R) talks with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas during the extraordinary summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Istanbul, Turkey, on Dec. 13 http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-eric-lindros-jersey , 2017. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Wednesday urged the Islamic world to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, while Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas refused any U.S. involvement in the peace process. (XinhuaAnadolu Agency)

ISTANBUL, Dec. 13 (Xinhua) -- Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Wednesday urged the Islamic world to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, while Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas refused any U.S. involvement in the peace process.

Addressing an extraordinary summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Istanbul, Erdogan called on countries to recognize "Jerusalem as the capital city of the occupied Palestine http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-dustin-tokarski-jersey ," while Abbas urged the world to recognize the state of Palestine.

The Turkish leader described U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital as a threat to all humanity, calling on Washington to withdraw the "wrong, provocative and unlawful" decision.

"The U.S. decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, above all, means punishing Palestinians who have proven numerous times that they side with peace instead of violence http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-dave-schultz-jersey ," said Erdogan.

"The U.S. has lost its mediator role in the Israel-Palestine peace process, and we will never allow in the future that the U.S. takes part in the process," Abbas said.

Speaking at a meeting with his OIC counterparts prior to the summit, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu urged the member states to encourage other countries worldwide to recognize East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital on the basis of the 1967 borders.

"Palestine needs to be recognized by other countries," he said.

The OIC is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with a membership of 57 states spread over four continents. As Turkey holds the rotating chair of the group http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-dale-weise-jersey , Erdogan called for an extraordinary summit with a view to drawing up a roadmap for Muslim nations to follow as they oppose the U.S. decision on Jerusalem.

A joint declaration is to be issued at the conclusion of the one-day summit.

The status of Jerusalem is at the core of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as Palestinians are hoping for an independent state with East Jerusalem at the capital.

Ventilation fans are tested using procedures specified by Air Movement and Control Association International Inc. (AMCA), Illinois, USA. The fan under test is mounted near the outlet of the test rig and air in-flow through the rig is varied by the movable gate assembly situated at the other end of the test rig.

Fan efficiency is defined as the ratio of air power (output) to shaft power requirement (input). An optimally designed fan impeller with improved aerodynamics requires less shaft input power for desired delivery of air volume with total pressure rise as per the system requirement. With reduced shaft power requirement, there is a commensurate reduction in energy consumption.

In a typical axial fan http://www.philadelphiaflyersteamstore.com/adidas-colin-mcdonald-jersey , the effective progress of the air is straight through the impeller at a constant distance from the axis. The primary component of blade force on the air is directed axially from inlet to outlet and thus provides the pressure rise by a process that may be called direct blade action.

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